大乘莊嚴經論

Mahāyānasūtrālam.kāra

彌勒菩薩造頌

世親菩薩釋論

大唐天竺三藏波羅頗蜜多羅 譯

金剛上師卓格多傑 傳講

提要:上堂已將菩薩經歷千辛萬苦,渡涉恆河沙數困境,完成作為菩薩摩訶薩七大奮發目標,得到無量功德;這就是八十頌〈功德品〉的要旨。今堂講的〈行住品〉描述菩薩的事業,在家的十地菩薩顯現為轉輪聖王,以剎帝利種性的身份為眾生福祉打拼;而出家菩薩則顯現為守持戒律、體證真理和圓淨法身形態的梵行聖人;而彌勒菩薩則盛讚菩薩出家較在家理想。「應知出家分,無量功德具;欲比在家分,最勝彼無等。」接著彌勒菩薩分析菩薩在十地和佛地不同的表現:初地至第三地菩薩分別是體證人無我、法無我的見淨,不犯微細戒的戒淨,常處於喜樂的定淨,第四至第六地菩薩分別斷除對經教的法財慢、對修持高階位的相續異慢和斷除對分別染淨的染淨異慢。第七地菩薩能念念與三十七道品任運相應,第八地菩薩能透過捨斷煩惱以莊嚴淨土,第九地菩薩能具足四無礙解成熟眾生,第十地菩薩受職紹隆佛種而住於兜率內院。「初三三行淨,次三三慢斷,後三覺捨化,第十有四名。」十地菩薩在各地中展現不同事業,同時亦分別得不同無漏五蘊身。初地見道是一切無漏五蘊所依,第二地戒蘊清淨,第三地定蘊清淨,第四至六地慧蘊清淨,第七地至佛地,由於淨除得解脫身的五種障礙,最終得究竟解脫身。「見性淨三身,亦在前六地,餘地淨餘二,遠離五障故。」

前面〈功德品〉已說菩薩功德,今章〈行住品〉詳說菩薩事業。

行住品第二十三

戊六 行住品

己一 菩薩之吉祥特徵

一 內心有憐愍,愛語及勇健,

開手並釋義,此五菩薩相。

The marks of the geniuses are sensitivity, gentle speech, courage, open‑handedness, and skill in elucidation of the profound intention.

大悲菩薩悲憫眾生,說話令眾生感到親切且易於信受,勇敢面對並克服所有障難,對來求者必一一滿足,善巧地為求法者釋疑解惑。

二 攝受令信解,不退二攝故,

由意樂加行,當知有兆相。

These five marks should be recognized from the bodhisattvas’ ambition and practice, in their helping, inspiring faith, tirelessness, and in their social activism both with material measures and with the teaching.

猶如見煙知有火;由於菩薩具大悲心,故憐憫眾生;由於菩薩行持愛語攝,故說話親切;由於菩薩行持安忍和精進度,故能面對障難和解脫困境;由於菩薩行持佈施,故能財施給來求者,法施予疑惑者。前一種是願心,後四種是實際行為。

此頌唐譯本無,現依漢譯藏文本補回246。世親菩薩說:「憐愍者,以菩提心攝利眾生故;愛語者,令於佛法得正信故;勇健者,難行苦行不退屈故;開手者,以財攝故;䆁義者,以法攝故;此五種相應知。初一是心,後四是行。」意思是:悲憫對象是那些具苦及苦因例如痛苦、造作殺盜淫妄邪行、放逸、邪見和未斷煩惱的凡夫。

己二 菩薩在各地所顯現的不同身相

三 菩薩一切時,恆居輪王位;

利益眾生作,在家分如此。

Bodhisattvas always become universal monarchs, and as householders, accomplish the aims of beings in all their lives.

菩薩若在家,則常作轉輪聖王;以十善教化利益眾生。

四 受得及法得,及以示現成;

三種出家分,在於一切地。

On all the stages, the geniuses’ transcendent renunciation is achieved either by taking vows or by understanding reality, or it is an instructional performance.

菩薩若出家,則必須經受得分:信解行地由親教師及軌範師處受得清淨戒。法得分:登地後了知諸法實相,依法性而得無漏戒。示現分:以化身示現出家身,在十地中都有出家菩薩。

五 應知出家分,無量功德具;

欲比在家分,最勝彼無等。

The role of the mendicant is endowed with immeasurable excellences, the ascetic bodhisattva being superior to the householder bodhisattva.

若要比較出家和在家的修行殊勝功德;由於出家分有無量功德,故較在家分殊勝。

接著,彌勒菩薩以五種增上意樂來描述十地菩薩的德行。簡單來說,增上意樂即希望別人好的善意。

六 愛果及善根,涅槃欲令得,

未淨淨極淨,謂在諸地中。

The brave bodhisattvas’ messianic resolve for beings is considered to consist both of the desire for pleasant results for them in future lives and of the desire to get them engaged in virtue just in this life, as well as of the desire for their Nirvāṇa; on all stages, it is progressively impure, pure, and extremely pure.

菩薩常懷五種增上意樂來救度眾生:令眾生來世獲得生善趣安樂果,是樂極大心;令眾生現世行持善行及得涅槃,是利極大心;勝解行地菩薩的利他增上意樂,是未淨極大心;初地至第七地菩薩的利他增上意樂,是已淨極大心;三淨地菩薩的利他增上意樂,是極淨極大心。

246見寶僧由藏譯漢的《大乘經莊嚴論寶鬘疏》頁604,妙音出版。

除了時常心存五種利益眾生的善意外,十地菩薩亦有四種攝受眾生的能力。

七 欲樂及平等,增上與徒眾;

四心於諸地,攝受一切生。

The geniuses on all stages adopt all beings with their vow, with their equanimity, with their mastery, and with their spiritual leadership.

十地菩薩以四種能力攝受眾生:以菩提心攝受眾生入初地;以自他平等心攝受眾生;因具體證實相經驗成眾生導師;具能力聚集志同道合的眾生,形成追求菩提的組織。

世親菩薩說:「四種攝眾生者:一、欲樂心攝,由以菩提心攝故;二、平等心攝:由入初地得自他平等心攝故;三、增上心攝:由居主位以自在力攝故;四、徒眾心攝:由攝成自弟子故。」

彌勒菩薩又提及五道十地菩薩受生情況。

八 業力及願力,定力亦通力;

依此四種力,菩薩而受生。

For the geniuses, birth is considered to occur by the power of evolution, by the power of a vow, by the power of meditative concentration, and by the power of lordliness.

菩薩在不同修行階段有四種不同受生方式。一、業力生:在勝解行地的菩薩,由善業招感而投生心儀之地;二、願力生:登地後,以菩提心投生傍生道幫助眾生;三、定力生:得定自在,例如三淨地菩薩能藉著定力捨居上界而在下界受生;四、通力生:得神通菩薩,例如究竟位的候補佛,能於兜率天在三千大千世界中顯現八相成道事業。

己三 諸菩薩安住之地

庚一 畧說

此頌唐譯本缺,現依漢譯藏本補回247

九 性相有情及學處,五蘊成就及兆相,

釋名以及所得者,由彼等為依及地。

From criterion, person, training, life-system, achievement, sign, etymology, and attainment, station and stage are to be known as such.

猶如眾生安住在大地上,菩薩於世間和出世間修行所得功德大小、所得不同階位;稱為「地」;現在從相狀、行者,學處、蘊、成就功德、兆相、釋名和所得這八點來描述各階段的菩薩地。

庚二 廣說

辛一 地之相狀

 – 十四 證空,證業果,住禪、住覺分,

觀諦,觀緣起,無相、無功用,

247同上,頁615。

化力,淨二門,及以菩提淨;

以此諸所說,立地相應知。

Supreme voidness of self; firm persistence in effective action; willing rebirth in the desire realm after having dwelt in the fine bliss of contemplations; then, dedication of the accessories of enlightenment to cyclic life; and the development of beings, without mental addiction; preserving the passions during voluntary rebirth; combining the totally signless path with the path of the unique vehicle; the signless, spontaneous purification of the buddha field; and then the achievement of the evolution of beings; and the purification of meditative concentrations, retentions, and the perfection of enlightenment. By these descriptions, the defining criteria of the stages should be recognized.

總括來說,菩薩有十地;如果包括最後的究竟佛地,便合成十一地,每地均有獨特的相狀。例如初地菩薩安住於證人無我、法無我之空性中;第二地菩薩擅長於觀察因果必報的道理,所以即使很微細的戒律也不違犯;第三地菩薩即使處於欲界中,但仍不退失禪定的喜樂;第四地菩薩既能入於生死,亦同時具備時刻具有出離生死的力量;第五地菩薩一方面離相,一方面亦能安立各種知識,用以教化眾生;第六地菩薩體證緣起性空般若智慧,能不起雜染心而受生三界中;第七地菩薩的有相修行已到臨界點,猶如萬川將流入大海,這就是受眾人稱讚的「一行道」,即將進入無相修行境界;第八地菩薩已如船入大海,無需費力就自然而然地莊嚴淨土;第九地菩薩因具四無礙解而成熟一切有情;第十地菩薩由三摩地門和陀羅尼門成熟,能開啟無盡經藏寶篋,大顯神通。第十一如來地斷盡一切障礙,生起無上菩提的習氣。

辛二 安立諸十地補特伽羅

十五 初三三行淨,次三三慢斷;

The bodhisattva on each stage has, respectively: the pure view, extremely pure ethics, equanimity, freedom from Dharma pride, freedom from pride about a distinctive spiritual process, freedom from pride about addiction and purification, and instantaneous understanding;

初地至第三地菩薩分別是見淨、戒淨和定淨;第四地至第六地菩薩分別斷除對經教的法門異慢、斷除對修持高階位的相續異慢和斷除對染污和清淨諸法的染淨異慢。

世親菩薩說:「初三三行淨者:初地名見淨,菩薩得人法二見對治智故,第二地名戒淨,菩薩微細犯垢永無體故。第三地名定淨,菩薩諸禪三昧得不退故。次三三慢斷者:第四地名斷法門異慢,菩薩於諸經法破起差別慢故。第五地名斷相續異慢,菩薩入十平等心於一切相續得平等故。第六地名斷染淨異慢,菩薩如性本淨客塵故,染能住緣起法,如不起黑白差別見故。」所謂十平等心,如《十地經》雲:「何等為十?佛子、菩薩摩訶薩已具足第五地,欲入第六現前地,當觀察十平等法;所謂一切法無相故平等,無體故平等,無生故平等,無滅故平等,本來清淨故平等,無戲論故平等,無取捨故平等,寂靜故平等,如幻、如夢、如影、如響、如水中月、如鏡中像、如焰、如化故平等,有無不二故平等。」

十六 後三覺捨化,第十有四名。

he has equanimity, purification of the buddha land, skill in developing beings, great power, physical perfection, skill in manifestation, and true consecration.

第七地菩薩念念均能與三十七道品相應;第八地菩薩時刻都能淨除煩惱習氣,莊嚴淨土;第九地菩薩具足四無礙解,時刻成熟眾生;第十地更因具足大神通而稱「大神通」,具足無量三摩地門和陀羅尼門而稱「滿法身」,安住於兜率天內院而稱「能現身」,得諸佛白毫光明灌頂而稱「受職」這四種稱號。

辛三 十地中能圓滿修學三學之理

十七 – 十八 隨次依前六,見性修三學;

Having realized the nature of reality in this life, the bodhisattva continues to educate himself in supreme morality, supreme mind, and supreme wisdom; but wisdom has a double domain. The thatness of things, and the functions which proceed from the mis-knowledge and knowledge of that, constitute the domain of wisdom, thus classified as on two stages.

初地菩薩見道後,於第二地修增上戒學,第三地修增上心學,第四至第六地修增上慧學。但智慧則分兩個層次,首先是四諦所見的滅諦;第四地菩薩以增上菩提分慧,第五地菩薩以增上諦觀慧修學所見境界。其次是順觀、逆觀十二因緣滅除無明智慧層面,這是第六地菩薩增上緣起觀慧學。

十九 – 二十一 隨次依後四,得果有四種。

There are also four other results of the educations and their meditations. The first result is the station of signlessness with volitional effort. The same station without volitional effort, involving the purification of the buddha land, is accepted as the second result. The actual achievement of the evolutionary maturity of beings, and the achievement of concentrations and retentions, constitute the supreme results. These four types of results are manifested on the four stages.

第七地至第十地菩薩在出定後得位四種果。第七地菩薩雖安住於無相,但仍須作意加行,這是第一果;第八地以無相、無功用住斷除煩惱莊嚴淨土,這是第二果;第九地菩薩以四無礙解成熟眾生,這是第三種果;第十地菩薩成就三摩地門、陀羅尼門,這是第四種果。

辛四 十地中如何清淨無漏五蘊之理

二十二 見性淨三身,亦在前六地;

Having gained insight into reality here, the system of morality becomes purified, and after that the systems of meditative concentration and wisdom are purified as well.

初地見道是一切無漏五蘊所依,第二地戒蘊清淨,第三地定蘊清淨,第四、五和六地慧蘊清淨。

二十三 餘地淨餘二,遠離五障故。

In the other stages, liberation and the intuition of liberation are purified, free from the fourfold hindrance and the obstruction of impenetrability.

第七地至佛地,由淨除五種障礙而獲得相應的解脫身;分別是第七地至第十地斷除微細相、勤作、未獲成熟有情之無礙解、對三摩地和陀羅尼二門未得自在這四障;再加上在佛地於金剛無間道盡焚微細由二取所顯的所知障,前後合共淨除五障而得究竟解脫身。

世親菩薩說:「五障者,第七地中以執相無知為障,第八地中以功用無知為障,第九地中以不能化生無知為障,第十地中以未淨二門無知為障。佛地中以障礙無知為障,謂此無知能礙聲聞、緣覺境界智,諸佛知一切境無礙,由解脫此障故。」

辛五 安立成就未成就功德之理

二十四 未成就、成就,成復未成成;

All the stages are to be known as unachieved and achieved; although achieved, they are unachieved and also achieved.

見道前,勝解行地是未成就地;見道後,初地至十地是成就地。要注意的是:初地至第七地雖屬成就,但比起第八地至第十地,因為修行仍需循序漸進,勤加功用修行,故仍視為未成就;而後者因修持的無相瑜伽能無勤任運成就,故視為真正成就。

質疑:初地至第七地仍未爐火純青,為何仍列為成就?

二十五 如地建立知,分別無分別。

Achievement should be understood through a systematically trained attitude, through knowing it as construction, and through its nondiscrimination.

因初地已證得根本無分別智而見道,而十地的安立只是由後得智來作修行階位的區別,所以唯是修行人分別念而矣。

二十六 應知諸地中,修習及成就;

此二不思議,諸佛境界故。

Meditative practice and achievement are inconceivable on all stages because they are individually intuited and because they are the object of the buddhas.

事實上,菩薩聖者在十地中修習情況和所得成果,猶如空中鳥跡,都屬祂們各別內心自證,只能由功德圓滿的諸佛才能作出判別,非是凡愚和二乘人可思議的境界。

世親菩薩說:「菩薩於諸地中各有修習及成就,應知地地皆不可思議。由諸菩薩內自證覺是諸佛所知,非餘人境界故。」餘人,指凡夫和二乘修行人。

免費結緣佛學講座:《大乘莊嚴經論》

第六十五講:二零二零年十一月七日

主辦:卓格多傑佛學會